References
3 color maximum operator
Cochrane, N. A., Sameoto, D., Herman, A. W., and Neilson, J. (1991) Multiple-frequency acoustic backscattering and zooplankton aggregations in the inner Scotian Shelf basins. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 48: 340-355.
Kloser, R. J., Ryan, T., Sakov, P., and Koslow, J. A. (2002) Species identification in deep water using multiple frequencies. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 59: 1065-1077.
Absorption coefficient
Francois, R. E., and Garrison, G. R. (1982) Sound absorption based on measurements. Part II: Boric acid contribution and equation for total absorption. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 72, 1879-90.
Background noise removal
Boswell, K. M., Wilson, M. P., and Wilson, C. A. (2007) Hydroacoustics as a tool for assessing fish biomass and size distribution associated with discrete shallow water estuarine habitats in Louisiana. Estuaries and Coasts, 30, 607-617.
De Robertis, A., and Higginbottom, I. (2007) A post-processing technique for estimation of signal-to-noise ratio and removal of echosounder background noise. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64, 1282-1291.
Higginbottom I., and Pauly, T. (1997) Echo integration in low signal to noise regimes: methods of noise estimation and removal. CCAMLR Working Group on Ecosystem Monitoring and Management paper WG-EMM-97/74.
Kieser, R., Reynisson, P., and Mulligan, T. J. (2005) Definition of signal-to-noise ratio and its critical role in split-beam measurements. ICES Journal of Marine Science 62: 123-130.
Korneliussen, R. J. (2000) Measurement and removal of echo integration noise. ICES Journal of Marine Science 57: 1204-1217.
Kovesi, P. (1999) Phase Preserving Denoising of Image. The Australian Pattern Recognition Society Conference: DICTA'99. December 1999. Perth WA. pp 212-217
Nunnallee, E. P. (1990) An alternative to thresholding during echo-integration data collection. Rapports et Proces-verbaux des Réunions. Conseil International pour l'Éxploration de la Mer 189: 92-94.
Noise removal
Ryan, T. E., Downie, R. A., Kloser, R. J., and Keith, G. (2015) Reducing bias due to noise and attenuation in open-ocean echo integration. ICES Journal of Marine Science 72, 2482-2493
Biomass
Gauthier, S., and Rose, G. A. (2001) Diagnostic tools for unbiased in situ target strength estimation. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 58(11): 2149-2155.
MacLennan, D. N., and Simmonds, E. J. (1992) Fisheries Acoustics. Chapter 8: Data analysis. Chapman and Hall, London (ISBN 0 412 3306 1 0 or 0 422 31472 8 in USA).
Sawada, K., Furusawa, M., and Williamson, N. J. (1993) Conditions for the precise measurement of fish TS in situ. J. Mar. Acoust. Soc. Japan 20: 73–79.
Blur and sharpen convolution kernels
Reid, D. G., and Simmonds, E. J. (1993) Image analysis techniques for the study of fish school structure from acoustic survey data. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. Vol 50.
Bottom classification
Anderson, J. T. (Editor) (2007) Acoustic seabed classification of marine physical and biological landscapes. ICES Cooperative research report No. 286.
Burns, D. R., Queen, C. B., Sisk, H., Mullarkey, W., and Chivers, R. C. (1989) Rapid and convenient acoustic sea-bed discrimination for fisheries applications. Proceedings of the Institute of Acoustics, 11(3): 169–178.
Calinski, T., and Harabasz, J. (1974). A dendrite method for cluster analysis. Commun. Stat. 3: 1–27.
Ellingsen, K. E., Gray, J. S., and Bjørnbom, E. (2002) Acoustic classification of seabed habitats using the QTC VIEW system. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 59: 825-835.
Hamilton, L. J. (2001) Acoustic seabed classification systems. DSTO-TN-0401.
Hughes-Clarke, J. E., Danforth, B. W., and Valentine, P. (1997) Areal seabed classification using backscatter angular response at 95 kHz. Proc. High Frequency Acoustics in Shallow Water, NATO SACLANTCEN Conference, Lereci, Italy, CP-45. pp. 243–250.
Hutin E., Simard Y., and Archambault, P. (2005) Acoustic detection of a scallop bed from a single-beam echosounder in the St. Lawrence. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 62(5), 966-983.
Jackson, D. J., Baird, A. M., Crisp, J. J., and Thompson, P. A. G. (1986a) High-frequency bottom backscatter measurements in shallow water.Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 80: 1188–1199.
Jackson, D. R., and Briggs, K. B. (1992) High frequency bottom backscattering roughness versus sediment volume scattering. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 92: 962–977.
Kloser, R. J., Bax, N. J., Ryan, T., Williams, A., and Barker, B. A. (2001) Remote sensing of seabed types in the Australian South East Fishery; Development and application of normal incident acoustic techniques and associated ‘ground truthing'. Marine and Freshwater Research, 52: 475-89.
Kloser, R. J., Keith, G., Ryan, T., Williams, A., and Penrose, J. (2002) Seabed biotope characterisation in deep water – initial evaluation of single and multi-beam acoustics. In Proceedings of the 6th European Conference in Underwater Acoustics, Gdańsk 2002, pp. 81–88. Ed. by A. Stepnowski.
Kostylev, V. E., Todd, B. J., Fader, G. B. J., Courtney, R. C., Cameron, G. D. M., and Pickrill, R. A. (2001) Benthic habitat mapping on the Scotian Shelf based on multibeam bathymetry, surficial geology and sea floor photographs. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 219: 121–137.
Kostylev, V. E., Courtney, R. C., Robert, G., and Todd, B. J. (2003) Stock evaluation of giant scallop (Placopecten magellanicus) using high-resolution acoustics for seabed mapping. Fisheries Research, 60: 479–492.
Legendre, P. (2002) Acoustic seabed classification methodology: a user's statistical comparison. Départment de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal. C. P. 6128, succursale Centre-ville Montréal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada.
Legendre, P., Ellingsen, K. E., Bjørnbom, E., and Casgrain, P. (2002) Acoustic seabed classification: improved statistical method. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci 59: 1085-1089.
Lurton, X., and Pouliquen, E. (1994) Identification de la nature du fond de la mer à l'aide de signaux d'écho-sondeurs. II. Méthode d'identification et résultats expérimentaux. Acta Acustica, 2(3): 187–194.
Milligan, G. W., and Cooper, M. C. (1985). An examination of procedures for determining the number of clusters in a data set. Psychometrika, 50: 159–179.
Mitchell, N. C. (1996) Processing and analysis of Simrad multibeam sonar data. Marine Geophysical Research, 18(6): 729-739.
Pouliquen, E. (2004) Depth dependence correction for normal incidence echosounding. Seventh European Conference on Underwater Acoustics.
Pouliquen, E., and Lyons, A. P. (2002) Backscattering from bioturbated sediments at very high frequency. IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, 27(3): 388–402.
Preston, J.M., Christney, A. C., Beran, L. S., and Collins, W. T. (2004) Statistical seabed segmentation-from images and echoes to objective clustering. Proceedings of the 7th European Conf. on Underwater Acoustics. 6p.
Preston, J. (2003) Resampling sonar echo time series primarily for seabed sediment classification. US Patent Application Serial No. 449914.
Siwabessy J. W., Tseng Y., and Gavrilov A. N. (2004) Seabed habitat mapping in coastal waters using a normal incident acoustic technique. Proceedings of ACOUSTICS 2004. 3-5 November 2004, Gold Coast, Australia. 187-192.
Siwabessy P. J. W., Penrose J. D., Fox D. R., and Kloser R. J. (2000) Bottom Classification in the Continental Shelf: A Case Study for the North-west and South-east Shelf of Australia. Acoustics 2000 Australian Acoustical Society conference Joondalup, Australia. 15-17 November 2000. 1- 6.
Siwabessy J., Penrose J., Kloser R., and Fox D. (1999) Seabed habitat classification. Shallow Survey '99 - International Conference on High Resolution Surveys in Shallow Water. Sydney, Australia. Oct 1999.
Sternlicht, D. D., and de Moustier, C. P. (2003a) Time-dependent seafloor acoustic backscatter (10–100 kHz). Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 114: 2709–2725.
Sternlicht, D. D., and de Moustier, C. P. (2003b) Remote sensing of sediment characteristics by optimized echo-envelope matching. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 114: 2727–2743.
Stewart, W. K., Chu, D., Malik, S., Lerner, S., and Singh, H. (1994) Quantitative seafloor characterisation using a bathymetric sidescan sonar. IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, 19: 599–610.
von Szalay, P. G. (2002) The effect of slope and vessel speed on the performance of an acoustic seabed classification system. Journal of Marine Systems, Volume 54(2): 181-194.
Voulgaris, G., and Collins, M. B. (1990) USP RoxAnn ground discrimination system: a preliminary evaluation. ARE Portland UTH Tech Memo 36/90. RE005314. University of Southampton, Department of Oceanography, Marine Consultancy Services, Technical Report No. SUDO/TEC/90/5C. 33 pp + 39 figs + 3 charts.
Calibration
Cochrane, N. A., Li, Y., and Melvin, G. D. (2003) Quantification of a multibeam sonar for fisheries assessment applications. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 114, 745-758.
Demer, D. A., Berger, L., Bernasconi, M., Bethke, E., Boswell, K., Chu, D., Domokos, R., et al. (2015) Calibration of acoustic instruments. ICES Cooperative Research Report No. 326.
Foote, K. G, Knudsen, H. P., Vestnes, G., MacLennan, D. N., and Simmonds, E. J. (1987) Calibration of acoustic instruments for fish density estimation: a practical guide. ICES Cooperative Research Report No 144 69 pp.
Foote, C. J., Chu, D., Hammar, T. R., Baldwin, K. C., Mayer, L. A., Hufnagle, L. C., and Jech, J. M. (2005) Protocols for calibrating multibeam sonar. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol 117, Issue 4, 2013-2027.
Honkalehto, T., and Ryan, T. E. (2003) Analysis of industry acoustic observations of orange roughy (Hoplostethus atlanticus) spawning aggregations on the Cascade Plateau off southeastern Tasmania in June and July 2003. Report to the Deepwater Assessment Group. Copy available from CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research Library, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
Calibration sphere modeling
MacLennan, D.N. (1981) The theory of solid spheres as sonar calibration targets. Scottish Fisheries Research. Report Number 22.
Cross filter
Balk, H., Lindem, T., and Kubečka J. (2009) New Cubic Cross filter detector for multi beam data recorded with DIDSON acoustic camera. In : Papadakis, J. S., Bjorno, L., (eds.), Underwater acoustic measurements, Technologies & Results. Foundation for Research & Technology, Heraklion, Greece, ISBN 978-960-98883-3-2: 1461-1468.
Deadzone
Kloser, R. J., Ryan, T. E., Williams, A., and Lewis, M. (2001) Development and application of a combined industry/scientific acoustic survey of orange roughy in the eastern zone. Final Report FRDC Project 99/111.
Kloser, R. J. (1996) Improved precision of acoustic surveys of benthopelagic fish by means of a deep-towed transducer. ICES Journal of Marine Science 53: 407-413.
Kloser, R. J., Koslow, J. A., and Williams, A. (1996) Acoustic Assessment of the Biomass of a Spawning Aggregation of Orange Roughy (Hoplostethus atlanticus, Collet) off South-eastern Australia, 1990-93. Marine and Freshwater Research 47: 1015-24.
Ona, E., and Mitson, R. B. (1996) Acoustic sampling and signal processing near the seabed: the deadzone revisited. ICES Journal of Marine Science 53: 677-690.
Density index
Parker-Stetter, S. L., Rudstam, L. G., Sullivan, P. J., and Warner, D. M. (2009) Standard operating procedures for fisheries acoustic surveys in the Great Lakes. Great Lakes Fisheries Commission Special Publication: 09-01.
Sawada, K., Furusawa, M., and Williamson, N. J. (1993) Conditions for the precise measurement of fish TS in situ. J. Mar. Acoust. Soc. Japan. 20: 73-79.
Equivalent two way beam angle
MacLennan, D. N., and Simmonds, E. J. (1992) Fisheries Acoustics. Chapman and Hall, London (ISBN 0 412 3306 1 0 or 0 422 31472 8 in USA).
False bottom echoes
Renfree, J. S., and Demer, D. A. (2016) Optimizing transmit interval and logging range while avoiding aliased seabed echoes. ICES Journal of Marine Science 73(8), 1955–1964.
Fish length equation
Foote, K. G., and Traynor, J. J. (1988) Comparison of walleye pollock target-strength estimates determined from in situ measurements and calculations based on swimbladder form. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 83: 9–17.
Hartman, K. J., and Nagy, B. W. (2005) A target strength and length relationship for striped bass and white perch. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 134(2): 375–380.
McClatchie, S., and Coombs, R. F. (2005) Low target strength fish in mixed species assemblages: the case of orange roughy.Fisheries Research 72: 185–192.
Nakken, O., and Olsen, K. (1977) Target strength measurements of fish. Rapp. P.-V. Réun. CIEM 170: 52–69.
Wu, L.-J., Su, W.-C., Lin, J.-C., and Chen, L.-M. (2002) Determination of in situ target strength of Yellowfin Tuna (Thunnus albacares) aggregated around sub-surface fish aggregating devices by acoustics. J. Fish. Soc. Taiwan 29(4).
Fish track detection
Balk, H., and Lindem, T. (2000) Improved fish detection in data from split-beam sonar. Aquat. Living Resour. 13: 297-303.
Blackman, S. S. (1999) Design and analysis of modern tracking systems. Artech House, Massachusetts.
Blackman, S. S. (1986) Multiple Target Tracking with Radar Applications. Artech House, Massachusetts.
Dawson, J., and Mulligan, T. (2000) Echo selection and trace formation: techniques, interactions, and advancements. Proceedings of the Fifth European Conference on Underwater Acoustics, ECUA 2000: 1455-1460.
Dawson, J., Wiggins, D., Degan, D., Geiger, H., Hart, D., and Adams, B. (2000) Point-source violations: split-beam tracking of fish at close range. Aquat. Living Resour. 13: 291-295.
Eggers, D. M., Skvorc, P. A. II, and Burwen, D. (1995) Abundance estimates of Chinook Salmon in the Kenai River using dual-beam sonar. Alaska Fishery Research Bulletin 2(1): 1-22.
Johnson, L. J., and Moursund, R. A. (2000) Evaluation of juvenile salmon behaviour at Bonneville Dam, Columbia River, using a multibeam technique. Aquat. Living Resour. 13: 313-318.
Mulligan, T. Personal communication.
Xie, Y. (2000) A Range-dependent echo-association algorithm and its application in split-beam sonar tracking of migratory salmon in the Fraser River watershed. IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering. 25(3): 387-398.
Xie, Y., Cronkite, G., and Mulligan, T. J. (1997) A split beam echosounder perspective on migratory salmon in the Fraser River: A progress report on the split-beam experiment at Mission, B.C., in 1995. Pacific Salmon Commission, Technical Report No. 8.
Fisheries acoustics texts
Lurton, X. (2002) An introduction to underwater acoustics – principles and applications. Springer Praxis Books, Springer. ISBN: 3–540–42967–0.
Parker-Stetter, S. L., Rudstam, L. G., Sullivan, P. J., and Warner, D. M. 2009. Standard operating procedures for fisheries acoustic surveys in the Great Lakes. Great Lakes Fisheries Commission Special Publication. 09-01.
Simmonds, J., and MacLennan, D. (2005) Fisheries Acoustics: Theory and Practice. Second edition, Blackwell Science. Fish and Aquatic Resources Series 10. (ISBN-10: 0-632-05994-X, ISBN-13: 978-0-632-05994-2).
Data Analysis - 9.5.2 Contour and distribution maps (Bayesian method)
Brierley, A. S, Gull, S. F., and Wafey, M. H. (2003) A Bayesian maximum entropy reconstruction of stock distribution and inference of stock density from line-transect acoustic-survey data. ICES. Journal of Marine Science. 60, 446-52.
Data Analysis - 9.6.2 Stratified random transects (Block averaging)
Jolly, G. M., and Hampton, I. (1990) A stratified random transect design for acoustic surveys of fish stocks. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 47, 1282-91.
Data Analysis - 9.6.2 Stratified random transects (Geostatistics)
Simmonds, E. J., and Fryer, R. J. (1996) Which are better, random or systematic acoustic surveys? A simulation using North Sea herring as an example. ICES, Journal of Marine Science. 53, 39-50.
Frequency response graph
Andersen, L. N., Chu, D., Handegard, N. O., Heimvoll, H., Korneliussen, R., Macaulay, G. J., Ona, E., Patel, R., and Pedersen, G. (2023) Quantitative processing of broadband data as implemented in a scientific splitbeam echosounder. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 15(2): 317-328.
Korneliussen, R., and Ona, E. (2003) Synthetic echograms generated from relative frequency response. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 60:636-640.
Fundamental properties of sea water
Fofonoff, N. P., and Millard, R. C. (1983) Algorithms for computation of fundamental properties of seawater. UNESCO technical papers in marine science. p25-27 (4. Pressure to Depth conversion)
HAC standard data format
ICES Fisheries Technology Committee (1999) Report of the Working Group on Fisheries Acoustics Science and Technology. St John's, Canada, April 1999.
ICES Fisheries Technology Committee (2001) Report of the Planning Group on the HAC Data Exchange Format. Seattle, USA, April 2001.
ICES Fisheries Technology Committee (2002) Report of the Planning Group on the HAC Data Exchange Format. Sete, France, June 2002.
ICES Fisheries Technology Committee (2003) Report of the Planning Group on the HAC Data Exchange Format. Bergen, Norway, June 2003.
ICES Fisheries Technology Committee (2004) Report of the Planning Group on the HAC Data Exchange Format. Gdynia, Poland, April 2004.
ICES Fisheries Technology Committee (2005) Report of the Planning Group on the HAC Data Exchange Format. By Correspondence.
McQuinn, I. H., et al. (2005) Description of the HAC standard format for raw and edited acoustic data, version 1.6. ICES Cooperative Research Report, Rapport des Recherches Collectives, No. 278.
Simard, Y., McQuinn, I.,Montminy, M., Lang, C., Miller, D., Stevens, C., Wiggins, D., and Marchalot, C. (1997) Description of the HAC standard format for raw and edited acoustic data, version 1.0. Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2174.
Simard, Y., McQuinn, I., Diner, N., Simmonds, J., and Higginbottom, I. (2000) Common data format: 2000 progress report, ICES Fisheries Acoustics Sciences and Technology. WG. Haarlem, Netherlands, April 2000.
Simard, Y., McQuinn, I., Montminy, M., Lang, C., Stevens, C., Goulet, F., Lapierre, J.-P., Beaulieu, J.-L., Landry, J., Samson, Y., and Gagné, M. (2000) CH2, Canadian hydroacoustic data analysis tool 2 user's manual (version 2.0). Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2332.
Horizontal beaming
Boswell, K. M., Miller, M. W., and Wilson, C. A. (2007) A lightweight transducer platform for use in shallow water horizontal-aspect acoustic surveys. Fisheries Research, 85, 291-294.
Boswell, K. M., Wilson, M. P., and Wilson, C. A. (2007) Hydroacoustics as a tool for assessing fish biomass and size distribution associated with discrete shallow water estuarine habitats in Louisiana. Estuaries and Coasts, 30, 607-617.
Boswell, K. M., Kaller, M. D., Cowan, J. H., and Wilson, C. A. (2008) Evaluation of target strength–fish length equation choices for estimating estuarine fish biomass. Hydrobiologia, 610, 113-123.
Boswell, K. M., and Wilson, C.A. (2008) Side-aspect target strength measurements of bay anchovy (Anchoa mitchilli) and Gulf menhaden (Brevoortia patronus) derived from ex situ experiments. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65, 1012–1020.
Duncan, A., and Kubecka, J. (1996) Patchiness of longitudinal fish distributions in a river as revealed by a continuous hydroacoustic survey. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 53(2), 161-165.
Guillard J., and Colon B. (1998) Hydroacoustic estimation of the number of fish passing through Beaucaire-Vallabregues lock (Rhone). Bulletin Francais de la Peche et de la Disciculture, 348, 79-90.
Knudsen, F. R., and Saegrov, H. (2002) Benefits from horizontal beaming during acoustic survey: application to three Norwegian lakes. Fisheries Research, 56, 205-211.
Kubecka J. (1994) Simple model on the relationship between fish acoustical target strength and aspect for high-frequency sonar in shallow waters. J. Appl. Ichthyol., 10(2-3), 75-81.
Kubecka, J., and Duncan, A. (1998) Acoustic size vs. real size relationships for common species of riverine fish. Fisheries Research, 35, 115-125.
Kubecka, J., Duncan, A., Duncan W. M., Sinclair D., and Butterworth, A. J. (1994) Brown trout populations of three Scottish lochs estimated by horizontal sonar and multimesh gillnets. Fisheries Research, 20, 29-48.
Kubecka J., and Wittingerova M. (1998) Horizontal beaming as a crucial component of acoustic fish stock assessment in freshwater reservoirs. Fisheries Research, 35, 99-106.
Lyons, J. (1998) A hydroacoustic assessment of fish stocks in the River Trent, England. Fisheries Research, 35, 83-90.
Yule, D. L. (2000) Comparison of Horizontal Acoustic and Purse-Seine Estimates of Salmonid Densities and Sizes in Eleven Wyoming Waters. N. Am. J. Fish. Manage., 20(3), 759-775.
ICES SONAR-netCDF4
Macaulay, G., and Peña, H. (Eds.). 2018. The SONAR-netCDF4 convention for sonar data, version 1.0. ICES Cooperative Research Report No. 341. 33 pp.
Macaulay, G. J., Vatnehol, S., Gammelsæter, O. B., Peña, H., and Ona, E. (2016) Practical calibration of ship-mounted omni-directional fisheries sonars. Methods in Oceanography, 17: 206–220.
New versions of the convention are developed and discussed at this site: https://github.com/ices-publications/SONAR-netCDF4
k-means
Elkan, C. (2003) Using the Triangle Inequality to Accelerate k-Means. Proceedings of the Twentieth International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML-2003), Washington DC, 2003.
Monochrome operator
Haines, E., and Akenine-Moller, T. (2002) Real-time rendering. 2nd Edition, A.K. Peters, Natick, Massachusetts, 188-194.
Motion correction (Dunford method) operator
Dunford, A. J. (2005) Correcting echo-integration data for transducer motion (L). J Acoust. Soc. Am. 118 (4) 2121-2123.
Multiple frequency
Korneliussen, R. J., Diner, N., Ona, E., Berger, L., and Fernandes, P. G. (2008). Proposals for the collection of multifrequency acoustic data. ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil, 65(6), 982.
Multiple frequency analysis
De Robertis, A., McKelvey, D. R., and Ressler, P. H. (2010). Development and application of an empirical multifrequency method for backscatter classification. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 67, 1459–1474.
Jech, J. M., and Michaels, W. L. (2006). A multifrequency method to classify and evaluate fisheries acoustics data. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 63, 2225–2235.
Kang, M., Furusawa, M., and Miyashita, K. (2002). Effective and accurate use of difference in mean volume backscattering strength to identify fish and plankton. ICES Journal of Marine Science, p59: 794–804.
Region descriptors
Urmy, S. S., Horne, J. K., and Barbee, D. H. (2012) Measuring the vertical distributional variability of pelagic fauna in Monterey Bay. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69(2), 184–196.
Sampled water volume estimation, wedge volume
Kieser, R., and Mulligan, T. J. (1984) Analysis of Echo Counting data: A Model. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 41, 451-458.
Scanning sonar school volume
Tang, Y., Iida, K., Mukai, T., and Nishimori, Y. (2006) Estimation of fish school volume using omnidirectional multi-beam sonar: Scanning modes and algorithms. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics Part 1-Regular Papers Brief Communications & Review Papers 45, 4868-4874.
School detection module
School Detection module references.
Haralabous, J., and Georgakarakos, S. (1996) Artificial neural networks as a tool for species identification of fish schools. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 53: 173–180
Single target detection algorithms
Balk, H., and Lindem, T. (2003). A new method for single target detection.
Ona, E., and Barange, M. (1999) Single Target Recognition. ICES Cooperative Research Report, 235: 28-43.
Soule, M., Barange, M., Solli, H., and Hampton, I. (1997) Performance of a new phase algorithm for discriminating between single and overlapping echoes in a split-beam echosounder. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 54: 934-938.
Soule, M., Barange, M., and Hampton, I. (1996) Potential improvements to current methods of recognizing single targets with a split-beam echosounder. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 53;237-243.
Soule M., Barange, M., and Hampton, I. (1995) Evidence of bias in estimates of target strength obtained with a split-beam echosounder. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 52: 139-144.
Sound speed
Chen, C-T., and Millero, F. J. (1977) Speed of sound in seawater at high pressures. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 62(5) 1129-1135.
Del Grosso, V. A., and Mader, C. W. (1972) Speed of sound in pure water. J. acoust. Soc. Am., 52, 1442-6.
Leroy, C. C. (1969) Development of simple equations for accurate and more realistic calculation of the speed of sound in sea water. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 46, 216-26.
Mackenzie, K. V. (1981) Nine-term equation for sound speed in the ocean. J. acoust. Soc. Am., 70, 807-12.
Medwin, H. (1975) Speed of Sound in Water for Realistic Parameters. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 58, 1318.
Wong, G. S. K., and Zhu, S. (1995) Speed of sound in seawater as a function of salinity, temperature and pressure J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 97(3) 1732-1736
Symbols and definitions
MacLennan, D. N., Fernandes, P. G., and Dalen, J. (2002) A consistent approach to definitions and symbols in fisheries acoustics. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 59: 365–369.
Virtual echograms
Boswell, K. M., Wilson, M. P., and Cowan, J. H. (2008) A Semiautomated Approach to Estimating Fish Size, Abundance, and Behavior from Dual-Frequency Identification Sonar (DIDSON) Data. North American Journal of Fisheries Management. Vol. 28, No. 3, 799–807
Higginbottom, I. R., Pauly, T. J., and Heatley, D. C. (2000) Virtual echograms for visualization and post-processing of multiple-frequency echosounder data. Proceedings of the Fifth European Conference on Underwater Acoustics, ECUA 2000 (Ed. M.E. Zakharia), 1497-1502.
Mitson, R. B., Simard, Y., and Goss, C. (1996) Use of a two-frequency algorithm to determine size and abundance of plankton in three widely spaced locations. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 53: 209-215.
Wideband
Demer, D. A., Andersen, L. N., Basset, C., Berger, L., et al., (2017) 2016 USA–Norway EK80 Workshop Report: Evaluation of a wideband echosounder for fisheries and marine ecosystem science. ICES Cooperative Research Report No. 336 page 11
Kloser, R. J., and Sutton, C. A. (2020) Orange roughy eastern zone spawning biomass 2019. Report to South East Trawl Industry Association. Copy held at CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Hobart. CSIRO Report No. EP204430.
Wideband Sv integration
Andersen, L. N., Chu, D., Handegard, N. O., Heimvoll, H., Kroneliussen, R., Macaulay, G. J., Ona, E., Patel, R., and Pedersen, G. (2023) Quantitative processing of broadband data as implemented in a scientific split-beam echosounder. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 15(2): 317-328.
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